The History and Appeal of Buffalo Nickels
Buffalo nickels, also known as Indian Head nickels, hold a special place in American numismatic history. Designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser, these coins were minted from 1913 to 1938. Their iconic design features a Native American profile on the obverse and an American bison on the reverse.
Collectors prize these nickels both for their artistic merit and historical significance. Fraser’s design was a departure from previous U.S. coins, which often featured depictions of Liberty. Instead, he chose to honor America’s heritage through imagery that reflected the nation’s natural and cultural history.
The Design of the Buffalo Nickel
James Earle Fraser drew inspiration from his childhood experiences in the American West. The Native American profile is said to be a composite of three chiefs: Iron Tail, Two Moons, and Big Tree. The reverse showcases a bison, recognized as a symbol of the American frontier. This bison, named Black Diamond, resided at the Central Park Zoo in New York City.
Each nickel measures 21.2 mm in diameter and weighs 5 grams. They are composed of 75% copper and 25% nickel, a standard composition for five-cent pieces of the time. Over the years, the durability of the design faced challenges. Details wore quickly, especially affecting the date and face of the bison.
Minting Challenges
The design exhibited high relief, which led to rapid wear and tear. Mint officials and engravers had to make adjustments to improve durability. Despite these efforts, the date and other details often became illegible after circulation. Collectors often seek well-preserved examples for this reason.
Buffalo nickels were struck at three different mints: Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco. Each mint added its own mintmark, found on the reverse, underneath the denomination. Philadelphia minted the most coins, but Denver and San Francisco issues are often more sought after due to lower mintages.
Popular Buffalo Nickel Variants
Among collectors, certain buffalo nickels are particularly coveted. The 1913 Type 1 and Type 2 varieties represent the first two designs minted in that year. For Type 1, the bison stands on a mound. For Type 2, adjustments lowered the mound, replacing it with a flat ground to reduce wear issues.
- 1916/1916 Doubled Die Obverse: A noticeable doubling of the date makes this variant rare and intriguing.
- 1937-D Three-Legged Buffalo: A minting error where the buffalo appears to have only three legs, due to over-polishing of the die.
- 1914/3 Overdate: This scarce overdate occurs when part of the previous year’s date is visible underneath the current date.
A Buffalo Nickel Grading Guide
Grading coins is essential when assessing value. For buffalo nickels, pay close attention to specific high-wear areas. These include the Native American’s braid and the bison’s shoulder and flank. Keep an eye on the date as well; many nickels have dates badly worn or obliterated.
- Good (G): Considerable wear. The date is often very faint.
- Very Good (VG): More detail visible, but the surface remains worn.
- Fine (F): Some detail evident in headdresses and braids.
- Very Fine (VF): Detail is apparent, with moderate wear on the surfaces.
- Extremely Fine (XF): Detailed imagery is clear. Light wear on the highest areas.
- About Uncirculated (AU): Near perfect, with minimal wear visible.
- Mint State (MS): No signs of circulation. Perfect condition as minted.
Buffalo Nickels on the Market
Buffalo nickels remain popular among collectors, leading to a thriving market. Potential buyers have multiple avenues to explore, including online marketplaces, auctions, and coin shows. When searching buffalo nickels for sale, understanding market prices can help make informed purchases.
Prices vary significantly based on factors like rarity, condition, and historical interest. Common dates or heavily worn coins are affordable, often sold in rolls or bulk. Scarcer issues, or those in superb condition, can command high prices.
Where to Buy Buffalo Nickels
Online platforms, like eBay and specialized numismatic shops, offer a wide array of buffalo nickels. Auction houses specializing in coins, both online and in person, also provide opportunities to acquire valuable pieces. Coin shows offer an excellent chance to see and purchase coins in person. Additionally, networking with other collectors can uncover private sale opportunities.
Research is key to recognizing what constitutes fair pricing. Compare prices and consult reputable dealers. Use resources like “The Official Red Book: A Guide Book of United States Coins” for guidance on market trends and valuations.
Preservation and Care
Caring for buffalo nickels ensures they retain their condition and value. Avoid cleaning coins, as this can diminish their value. Instead, store them in protective holders or albums. Ensure these storage solutions are made of inert materials, as chemicals in some plastics can damage coins over time.
Avoid handling coins with bare hands; use gloves to prevent oils from affecting the surface. If cleaning becomes necessary to remove detritus, consult with a professional before proceeding.
Understanding the Appeal of Buffalo Nickels
Part of the appeal lies in their aesthetic and historical resonance. Fraser’s design captures a pivotal era in American history, symbolizing both the nation’s indigenous peoples and wildlife. This period between the late 19th and early 20th centuries was transformative, shaping the cultural and physical landscape of the United States.
Collectors often see these coins as accessible entry points into numismatics. Despite the potential for high-value transactions, starting a collection can be done with relatively modest investment, especially for those focusing on more common dates.
Educational Aspects
Collecting buffalo nickels offers educational insights. Each coin tells a story about the era of its minting, including economic conditions and production methods. This interest often extends beyond the coins to encompass broader studies in American history and numismatology.
Moreover, involvement in coin collecting fosters a sense of community. Collectors often share knowledge and discoveries, contributing to a vibrant community. Through clubs, online forums, and social media groups, hobbyists exchange insights, fostering appreciation and expanding collective knowledge.