When In God We Trust Was Added to Money
The phrase In God We Trust has a significant place in American history and culture. Understanding its origins and how it came to be added to U.S. currency offers insights into the historical context and motivations that guided this decision.
The Civil War Era
The origins of In God We Trust on U.S. money date back to the Civil War era. During this turbulent time, there was a rise in religious sentiment throughout the country. Many felt that a nation undergoing such trials and sacrifices needed to affirm its faith. This led Reverend M.R. Watkinson from Pennsylvania to write to the Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, in November 1861. He proposed the inclusion of a religious statement on coins.
Secretary Chase’s Role
Secretary Chase took Watkinson’s suggestion seriously. He instructed the Director of the Mint, James Pollock, to prepare a motto expressing the trust of the nation in God. Several variations were proposed, but eventually, In God We Trust was chosen. The exact wording was finalized, and an Act of Congress passed on April 22, 1864, authorizing the minting of two-cent coins with this motto.
First Appearance on Coins
The two-cent coin, introduced in 1864, was the first to bear the motto In God We Trust. The acceptance and popularity of this phrase led to its adoption on other coins. By 1866, it appeared on the shield nickel, the half dime, the half dollar, and the gold double eagle. Over time, it continued to appear on more denominations.
20th Century Developments
Despite its inclusion on various coins, In God We Trust was not yet a standard feature of all U.S. currency. The decision to make it more widespread came in the 20th century. The increased sense of national identity during and after World War II played a significant role in this shift. In 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a law requiring In God We Trust to appear on all U.S. currency.
Formal Adoption on Paper Currency
The phrase’s inclusion on paper money was further solidified in 1957. The first paper currency to bear the motto was the 1957 series of $1 silver certificates. Gradually, the motto was added to other denominations. By 1966, In God We Trust was present on all paper and coin currency issued by the United States.
Court Challenges and Legal Status
Throughout its history, In God We Trust has faced legal challenges regarding its constitutionality. Opponents argue that it violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. However, the courts have consistently upheld its use. The U.S. Supreme Court and lower courts have ruled that the motto is a form of ceremonial deism with historical and patriotic significance that does not equate to establishing a religion.
Global Context
The use of religious phrases on currency is not unique to the United States. Many countries include similar mottos reflecting their cultural and religious heritage. This practice underscores the common human desire to express collective values and beliefs in national symbols.
Modern Public Opinion
Public opinion about In God We Trust remains divided. Some view it as an essential affirmation of the nation’s heritage and values. Others see it as a violation of the principle of separation of church and state. Various polls and surveys indicate a majority still support its presence on U.S. currency, reflecting the enduring influence of tradition in American society.
The story of In God We Trust on money is more than just an account of legislative action. It reflects broader themes in American history, including the relationship between religion and government, the role of national identity, and the consolidation of cultural values. As such, it offers a unique lens through which to understand the evolving narrative of the United States.
